I. Introduction
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- From fast facts on Hinduism – http://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/fastfacts.htm
meaning of name
- Hinduism, from the Persian Hindu (Sanskrit sindhu), literally “river.” Means “of the Indus Valley” or simply “Indian.” Hindus call their religion sanatama dharma,“eternal religion” or “eternal truth.”
- date founded
- Earliest forms date to 1500 BC or earlier
- place founded
- India
- founder
- none
- adherents
- 900 million
- size rank
- third largest in the world
- main location
- India, also United Kingdom and United States
- major sects
- Saivism, Vaisnavism, Saktism
- sacred texts
- Vedas, Upanishads, Sutras, Bhagavad Gita
- original language
- Sanskrit
- spiritual leader
- guru or sage
- place of worship
- temple or home shrine
- theism
- pantheism with polytheistic elements (see Is Hinduism Polytheistic?)
- ultimate reality
- Brahman
- human nature
- in bondage to ignorance and illusion, but able to escape
- purpose of life
- to attain liberation (moksa) from the cycle of reincarnation
- how to live
- order life according to the dharma
- afterlife
- if karma unresolved, soul is born into a new body; if karma resolved, attain moksa (liberation)
- major holidays
- Mahashivarati (mid-February)
Holi (Spring)
Ramnavami (late March)
Dusserah (early November)
Diwali (mid-November)
Hinduism by the Numbers
three paths:
- karmamarga – path of works and action
- jnanamarga - path of knowledge or philosophy
- bhaktimarga – path of devotion to God
three debts:
- debt to God
- debt to sages and saints
- debt to ancestors
four stages of life:
- brahmacharga – school years – grow and learn
- grhastha - marriage, family and career
- vanaprastha – turn attention to spiritual things
- sanrgasu – abandon world to seek spiritual things
four purposes of life:
- dharma – fulfill moral, social and religious duties
- artha – attain financial and worldy success
- kama – satisfy desires and drives in moderation
- moksha – attain freedom from reincarnation
seven sacred cities:
- Ayodhya
- Mathura
- Gaya (Bodhgaya)
- Kasi (Varanasi, Benares)
- Kanci
- Avantika (Ujjain)
- Dvaraka
ten commitments:
1. Ahimsa – do no harm
2. Satya – do not lie
3. Asteya – do not steal
4. Brahmacharya – do not overindulge
5. Aparigraha – do not be greedy
6. Saucha – be clean
7. Santosha – be content
8. Tapas – be self-disciplined
9. Svadhyaya – study
10. Ishvara Pranidhana – surrender to God
Sources
- “Hinduism.” Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Religions.
- “Hinduism.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Premium Service. 2004.
- Huston Smith, The World’s Religions.
- Linda Johnsen, The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Hinduism, pp. 222-24.
II. Keys to understanding Hinduism-utilized the outline from A World of Difference,by Kenneth Richard Samples,from his chapter on Eastern Monism.
1. Ultimate Reality (Monism-One) – Purely spiritual in nature,although impersonal. It could also be referred to as transpersonal,beyond personal,and therefore non rational and amoral.This reality pervades has no boundaries or divisions,and has no parts,dualities,or particulars.
2.Pantheism – Pan-(all or every) and theos (God)- All is God.Ultimate Reality is God. Nothing exists that is not God.All true reality is in some way identified with the divine essence. God is said to be in,through,and with all things. Philosophical Hinduism identifies Ultimate Reality as Brahman. It is infinite,immutable,and indivisible. Also,impersonal,non rational,and amoral.
A. Some forms of pantheism proclaim that the physical universe is an illusion (Maya).
B. Some forms of pantheism say that the universe emanates from God,or is created out of God (Ex Deo) as opposed to the biblical doctrine of ex-nihilo (out of nothing).
3. Atman- the true self or soul – Although ostensibly beyond definition,it is “that which pervades all,which is the subject and knows,experiences,and illuminates the subjects,and which remains always the same.” It is often “coupled with Brahman,for the two are intimately entwined:the same reality is known subjectively as atman and objectively as Brahman,the pair may be used as synonyms.” (Eastern Definitions,pg.33)
In other words,the true self is God.The soul of each human is part of the cosmic or world soul. Our problem is our ignorance of this fact.We perceive ourselves as separate and distinct from God.Our unenlightened state is our main problem in life.
4. Maya – illusion – This spiritual amnesia must be corrected.The question is,how do we shatter the false knowledge (some call it a dream state) ? As Winfried Corduan puts it,” The key to Vendantic thought then, is to transcend the world of experience,which is only maya,and to uncover one’s identity as the atman-Brahman.” ( A World of Difference, Kenneth Richard Samples,pg.236) Maya is also defined as “God’s creative energy,that may be defined as cosmic illusion,becoming,magic,art,phenomenal existence. Maya is thus not illusion in the sense of unreality,but cosmic play,the divine illa,or sport.” (Eastern Definitions,pg.249)
5. The law of karma- Karma means doing,deeds,works or action.It is a cosmic principal of justice.
The present existence is shaped and determined by the deeds of a previous existence,which was itself formed by the products of an earlier existence,and so on backward in a series of lives subject to the blind determinism of strict retribution. Thus karma is the effect of any action upon the doer,whether in a past,present,or future life. Even the gods are not spared. With this in mind,most Indian sects believe that karma works as a kind of automatic moral safeguard ensuring that the righteous move toward liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth,while the evildoers are more and more bound to it,to their own detriment.(ibid, 215)
As humans attach themselves to illusory things their spiritual amnesia is compounded.
6.Reincarnation – Latin (again in the flesh) – The soul is born into a physical body again and again until the karmic debt is broken by mystical enlightenment. Samsara is the wheel of reincarnation. One may be born as an animal,human,or insect. Westerners tend to view reincarnation as a second chance,and many believe they will come back with a better life. In the east reincarnation is regarded in a negative light as it involves a return to a state of ignorance and illusion.
7. Mystical enlightenment- Spiritual enlightenment or self realization is the key to breaking the cycle of reincarnation. This transformation or alteration of consciousness will reveal one’s true identity as being one with the One Ultimate Reality.
8.Liberation – Moksha- When man is emancipated and freed from the world’s illusions and reunited with Brahman.
Different schools teach different methods of escape and liberation -
A.Sacrifice- yajna B. Offerings and worship – Puja C.Good and moral life D. Special grace from a god- such as Krishna – Bhakti.
The key is ” When man realizes his own true self,karma ceases for him,breaking the endless hopping from womb to womb.” (ibid.pg.216)
III. A Biblical Response-http://www.gospelway.com/religiousgroups/hinduism.php
The Bible Concept of God
God possesses the characteristics of a personal spirit Being.
The Bible says that God is spirit (John 4:24), and is not flesh and blood (Matt. 16:17).
However, His characteristics are those of a living, personal, individual Being. These include the following:
* He lives (John 5:26).
* He loves (John 3:16; Rom. 5:6-11).
* He speaks (Matt. 3:17)
* He works (John 5:17,20)
* He knows (Matt. 6:8,32)
* He wills (Matt. 7:21)
* He sees (Matt. 6:4,6,18)
God is not just an impersonal force, nor does He need a physical body in order to possess personal characteristics. God is spirit, not material or physical, and yet He possesses the characteristics of a personal individual.
Man is not Divine.
Spiritually man is in the image or likeness of God (Gen. 1:26f; 5:1; 9:6; James 3:9; 1 Cor. 11:7). But our inner being is not Divine, not of the essence of God, and not to be worshiped. To believe we are Divine is blasphemous.
Acts 10:25,26 – Peter refused to accept worship from Cornelius because Peter himself was “a man.” [Cf. Rev. 22:8,9; 19:10]
Acts 14:15 – When the people of Lystra tried to offer sacrifice to Paul and Barnabas as gods (v8-18), the inspired men said the people should cease such practices and worship the living God. They said they were men of like passions with those attempting to worship them.
1 Samuel 15:29 – God is not a man.
It is not true that our inner essence is that of God. Therefore, it is not right to worship any man, neither ancestors nor religious teachers.
[See also Matt. 23:8-12; Ezek. 28:2,6-10; Gen. 3:5; Acts 12:22,23; Isa. 55:8,9; Heb. 2:7; John 10:33; Num. 23:19]
There is only one true God.
Three separate Beings possess Deity: the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. But unlike Hindu deities, these three are completely united in will, goals, purposes, etc. All have complete authority over all aspects of creation (in contrast to one over fire, one over wealth, etc.). Hence, they are completely united to form one God (John 17:20,21).
Deuteronomy 4:35-39 – The Lord is God and there is none else besides Him.
Isaiah 43:10,11 – Before Me there was no God formed, nor shall there be after Me. I, even I, am the Lord, and besides Me there is no savior.
Exodus 20:3 – You shall have no other gods before Me.
[Isa. 44:6-8; 1 Cor. 8:4-6; Matt. 4:10; 2 Cor. 6:16-18]
Use of images in worship is forbidden.
Exodus 20:4,5 – You shall not make any graven image nor bow down to such.
Acts 17:29 – Since we are God’s offspring, we should not think the Godhead is like gold or silver or stone graven by art or device of men.
[Isa. 42:8,9; 40:18-26; 44:9-20; 46:1-11; 48:3-6; 41:21-24; Psa. 115:1-9; 96:5; 97:7; Lev. 19:4; 26:1; Ex. 32:1-35; 23:24; 34:12-17; Hab. 2:18,19; Deut. 16:21-17:7; 27:5; Dan. 3; Rom. 1:23,25; 1 Thess. 1:9; 1 John 5:21; 1 Cor. 5:10,11; 6:9,10; 10:7,14; Rev. 21:8; 22:15; Acts 14:8-18.]
2 Corinthians 6:16-18 – What should be a Christian’s attitude toward idolatry as practiced in Hinduism? We should have no agreement with it, but separate ourselves from it and do not touch it.
IV. The Bible Teaching about Salvation
Our sins spiritually separate us from God.
Romans 3:23 – All people are guilty of sin, disobedience to God’s will.
Isaiah 59:1,2 – Because of our sins, we are out of harmony and fellowship with God. He is then not dwelling within us.
It follows that, contrary to Hinduism, God cannot be found within the heart of the sinner, for He is not there. Our soul is not part of God, nor are we in fellowship with Him.
Because of this spiritual alienation from God, we will be separated from God eternally if our sins are not forgiven.
[Eph. 2:11-19; Rom. 6:23]
Because of God’s love and grace, Deity came to earth in the form of man (Jesus) and died as a sacrifice to pay the penalty of man’s sins.
John 3:16 – God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son that those who believe in Him might not perish but have eternal life.
1 Peter 2:24 – Jesus bore our sins in His body on the tree, that we might live.
Acts 4:12 – There is salvation in no one other than Jesus.
John 14:6 – He is the way, the truth, and the life. No one can come to the Father except through Him. Hence, Hindu deities cannot save. They did not die for us.
Ephesians 2:8,9 – Our good works cannot save us apart from faith in Jesus. We ought to live good lives, worship God, pray, etc. But if we do not receive forgiveness by Jesus, none of these can save.
Matthew 6:7 – Endless repetition of certain phrases cannot save. It is vain repetition which heathen think leads them to be heard, but it is not acceptable to God.
[Eph. 1:7; Rom. 5:6-8; 1 Cor. 15:1-4; Heb. 9:11-14,23-10:18; Isa. 53:4-11; 1 Pet. 1:18,19; 3:18; Rev. 1:5; Matt. 26:28; Acts 20:28; John 1:29]
To receive the forgiveness God offers, there are conditions man must meet.
Believe – Mark 16:16; John 8:24. Note that this requires belief in Jesus and in His gospel. Without this faith, man cannot be saved.
Repent of sins – Acts 17:30.
Confess Christ – Romans 10:9,10.
Be baptized – Acts 2:38; 22:16; Mark 16:16
Live a faithful life – 1 Corinthians 15:58
These conditions do not earn God’s forgiveness but are necessary so He will grant the forgiveness we do not deserve.
[Heb. 10:39; 5:9; James 2:14-26; Rom. 6; 1 Pet. 3:21; Acts 2:40; Phil. 2:12]
Men can learn what to do to please God only by means of Divine revelation.
Isaiah 55:8,9 – God’s thoughts and ways are higher than ours like the heavens are higher than the earth.
Jeremiah 10:23 – The way of man is not in himself; it is not in man who walks to direct his own steps.
Galatians 1:8,9 – No teaching except the gospel of Jesus Christ can bring salvation and a right relationship with God.
Meditation within oneself cannot possibly show man the truth about God or about how to have a proper relationship with God. Following any system other than the gospel leaves us in sin without hope for eternity.
[John 6:44,45; Prov. 14:12; Rom. 10:17,14; 1:16; 2 Thess. 2:14; Acts 8:26,29,35; 9:6; 11:14; 2 John 9-11]
V. Conclusion
Key questions that Hinduism does not answer.
1. If ultimate reality is impersonal where did personality come from ? And if monism is trans-personal and defined as beyond personality,why is it not only impersonal,but amoral ?
2. Karma is supposed to be a blind,impersonal force that judges peoples actions. Why were the first people who lived “spiritual amnesiacs” ? Because they did not understand reality they raised children who did not understand it,and a whole race of people are now “fallen” and stuck in ignorance and the wheel of life.
3.How can and entire race of beings be ignorant that they are part of God,and not only ignorant of that fact,live as if they are the exact opposite ?It seems that there is a far deeper problem than ignorance.
4. It seems that monistic philosophy is the exact opposite of reality.
A. If all is one,how can my soul be separate from Brahmin? What separated it in the beginning ? If all is one,then there is no separation by definition.
B. If it is an illusion that separates the two then why is the illusion a distinction,a difference ? All is supposed to be one. If maya is “cosmic play” who is the one playing with reality and why?
C. Reincarnation and karma go hand in hand. We are what we are because of our past. If a person is suffering,they are suffering because of their past actions. What is the basis for helping people ? Would that not be taking them out of their rightful “just desserts” ?
What have been the practical results of believing in karma and reincarnation in Indian society ? It has had an harmful effect,with much suffering going unalleviated.
D. What is the basis for defining evil? Who determines right and wrong? Certainly an impersonal god/force who is amoral cannot do so.If one commits an evil act is that because of a past life experience,and in what way is he accountable for that act?
5. Christianity offers something that karma does not – grace. It also offers a revelation from a personal God who cared enough to deal with the root of man’s problem,his fallen nature . We are far more twisted than Hinduism teaches.The cross demonstrates the love of God,and that love has provided a liberation that offers authentic transformation. To have a relationship with the Creator of the universe is truly an awesome privilege.